In fact, if the product has an LCD or keyboard, the designer may need to consider how to design a product that uses touch technology. Unfortunately for designers, when designing touch screens, there are many different solutions, a wide range of performance, and of course, a variety of different design considerations. So now is the time to understand the technology in depth and evaluate your product line. Only in this way can it become the market leader, and a good design is the starting point of the design.
In-depth analysis of touch technology <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> Many providers in the touch screen supply chain often provide many different components that are confusing, and more often than not, some providers unite to provide a value chain for end customers. Interestingly, the ecosystem is the same whether it is in the latest laptops or the latest touch screen phones.

#1 Front panel or frame

The front panel or frame is the top surface of the end product. In some products, the frame encloses a transparent cover to protect it from external weather or moisture and to prevent the underlying sensor product from being scratched and damaged (see #3). Sometimes, the outermost box simply covers the top of the touch sensor. In this case, it is just a decoration.
#2 Touch Controller In general, the touch controller is a small microcontroller chip that is located between the touch sensor and the PC/or embedded system controller. The chip can be mounted on the controller board inside the system, or it can be placed on a flexible printed circuit (FPC) attached to a glass touch sensor. The touch controller will extract the information from the touch sensor and convert it into information that the PC or embedded system controller can understand.
#3 The touch-sensor touchscreen “sensor” is a transparent glass panel with a touch-responsive surface. The sensor is placed on top of the LCD so that the touch area of ​​the panel can cover the visible area of ​​the display. There are many different types of touch sensing technologies on the market today, each using different methods to detect touch input. Basically, these technologies make currents flow through the panel when touched, thereby generating a voltage or signal change. This voltage change will be sensed by the touch controller to determine the touch position on the screen.
#4 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
The vast majority of touch screen systems are used on conventional LCDs. The LCD selection method for touch products is basically the same as in the conventional system, including resolution, definition, refresh speed, cost, and the like. But another major consideration in touch screens is the level of radiation. Since the technology in the touch sensor is based on the tiny electrical variations that the panel is touched, an LCD that can radiate many electrical noises is a difficult design point. Before choosing an LCD for use in a touch system, it should be consulted with the touch sensor provider.
The #5 system software touch screen driver software can be from the original manufacturer (such as the embedded OS in the mobile phone), or it can be installed later (like adding a touch screen on a traditional PC). The software should enable the touch screen to work with the system controller. It will tell the product's operating system how to resolve the touch event information from the touch controller. In PC type applications, most touch screen drivers work like a mouse. This makes the touch screen very similar to a continuous mouse click on the same position on the screen. In embedded systems, the embedded control driver must compare the information that appears on the screen with the location where the touch was received.
Three Touch Technologies <br> Resistive Touch Technology: Resistive touch technology is the most commonly used touch screen technology. Used for high business flow applications and immune to water droplets and other residues on the screen. Resistive touch screens are usually the lowest cost solution. Because it responds to stress, you can touch it with your finger, gloved hand, touch pen, or other object such as a credit card.
Surface Capacitive Touch Technology: Surface capacitive touch technology provides much clearer display than the plastic film commonly used in resistive touch. In surface capacitive display, sensors located at the four corners of the display detect changes in capacitance due to touch. Touch screens of this type can use a finger or other capacitive object for touch actuation.
Protective capacitive touch: Protective capacitive touch is a technology that has only recently entered the market. This technology can also provide excellent light transmission, but it also has some advantages over surface capacitive touches. Projected capacitive touch does not require positional calibration and can provide much higher positional accuracy. One of the other exciting things about projective capacitive touch is that it can support multiple touch at the same time.
How Touch Screens Work <br> We will take a closer look at the two most common touch screen technologies. The most widely used technique is resistive touch. The vast majority of people may have used this type of resistive touch technology before on the bank's ATM machine, in many shopping malls' credit card inspection machines, and even when entering an order form in a restaurant. However, the projection-type capacitive touch screen has not used such a wide range, but it has a rapid development momentum. Many cell phones and portable music players that use projection-type capacitive interfaces are on the market. Whether resistive or capacitive technology has a rugged electrical component, ITO (Indium Tin Oxide, Transparent Conductor) is used, and both technologies will be used for a long time.
The resistive touch screen includes a flexible top layer followed by a layer of ITO, an air gap, and then another layer of ITO. The panel has four wires attached to the ITO layer: one on the left and right sides of the "X" layer and one on the top and bottom of the "Y" layer.
A touch is detected when the flexible top layer is pressed against the underlying layer. The position of the touch is measured in two steps: first, the "right" is driven to a known voltage and the "left" is driven to ground to read the voltage from the y-sensor. This provides the X coordinate. Repeat this process for another axis to determine the exact finger position.
Resistive touch screens also have 5-wire and 8-wire types. The 5-wire type replaces the top ITO layer with a more durable, low-resistance “conductor layer”. The 8-wire panel achieves higher resolution by better calibration of the panel characteristics.
There are several disadvantages to resistive technology. The flexible top layer has only 75% to 80% transmittance, and there are also many sources of error in the resistive touchscreen measurement process. If the ITO layer is inconsistent, the resistance will not change linearly in the sensing range. It takes 10-12 digits to measure voltage accuracy, which is difficult in many environments. In order to align the touch point with the underlying LCD image, many existing resistive touch screens require periodic calibration.

On the contrary, projection capacitive touch screens have no moving parts. Between the LCD and the user, there is only ITO and a glass plate with a transmittance of almost 100%. The projection-type capacitive sensing hardware includes a glass top layer, an X sensor array, an insulating glass below, and a Y sensor array located on the glass substrate below. The panel is connected to each X and Y sensor, so there are 11 wires in the 5 x 6 panel, and 24 sensors in the 10 x 14 panel.

Because the projection type capacitive panel has many sensors, combined with other technologies, multiple fingers can be detected at the same time. In fact, the projection capacitor can detect up to 10 fingers simultaneously. So exciting new applications based on multiple finger presses can be achieved. Just think, can you play the piano on your phone? How about playing multiple games with multiple fingers on a PDA?

There is no doubt that the touch screen has an excellent appearance. They are beginning to define a new type of user interface and industrial design standards that are widely accepted worldwide. From the heart rate monitor to the various devices of the latest all-in-one printers, touch screens are rapidly becoming the technical design standard. However, in addition to the beautiful appearance, the touch screen also provides unmatched security performance, resistance to adverse weather performance, abrasion resistance, and can use a new touch technology such as multi-touch to open up a new market. Many types of products can be implemented using touch technology, so designers must have a deep understanding of the technology's ecosystem and the availability of currently used technologies.

      

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