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Such a computer would replace conventional electronic circuits with lines that can process information at the speed of light. Current computers use electronically transmitted information, but new lines will use photon to convey information. This method is expected to increase the speed of the computer by a factor of 100, and the power used by the photonic computer will be one percent of the computer.
Dr. Corneliya Denz of the University of Darmstadt in Germany said: "Photon computing has great potential. Photonic computers can do things that conventional computers can't do." She is working on optical technology. Required in photonic computers. Another laboratory in Jena, the German town, is also using light to develop computers that have a memory that works like a human brain. This joint memory allows the computer to perform pattern matching, as well as other tasks that are easily performed by human brains but are not only difficult and time consuming for conventional computers.
Computer designers using optical design are not only expected to build computer systems that can mimic human brain behavior in other ways, and will be thousands of times faster than human brains. If this is the case, optoelectronic technology may bring true artificial intelligence to people.
There are two main factors that determine the first photonic computer to be put into commercial use in the next decade. By 2015, the fast-growing silicon semiconductor technology will stop, and many researchers believe that the basic physical laws that will not be reached in 2015 will prevent scientists from making higher-performance chips. At the same time, the need for more data and faster speeds driving the Internet has forced people to adopt faster routers, and routers with conventional electronic designs are far from being able to achieve the required speed.
Photonic technology has now become the foundation of the Internet. Fiber optics, once a novelty in the lab, now delivers almost all signals for the Internet and telephone networks. The electrical signal is only used between the user and the telephone exchange. The reason is that compared to older cables, fiber can not only transmit much more information, but also travel farther.
Today, a large portion of Internet devices convert optical signals in optical fibers into electrical signals so that they can be easily transferred between cables. This process limits the speed at which such devices process data, so engineers are trying to do more with the photon itself.
Researchers at Heinrich-Hertz Institute in Germany have developed a new type of fiber optic switch that will enable a new generation of terabit networks. In this type of network, the data transmission speed of each fiber can reach 1 trillion bits per second, and the transmission speed of today's networks can only reach 1/25 of this speed.
Much of the work in current photonics research has focused on hybrid devices that combine the computing power of a microprocessor with the information transmission capabilities of an optical fiber. The transmission distance of a signal in a computer is negligible compared to its transmission distance in Internet communication, but even if the transmission distance is only a few centimeters, the speed of the electron becomes a bottleneck affecting transmission.
As chips get faster and faster, more connections are needed between chips to get enough data. Simply using an electronic connection can make it very difficult to increase speed. The transmission speed of electrons in metal is only 1/10 of the speed at which photons travel in the air. Other factors also reduce the speed of the electron as it moves through the wires on the board.
Another problem is that the number of wires connected on a silicon chip is also limited. In order for more data to be passed in or out of the chip, the computer designer must either speed up the electronics (which is currently not possible) or must distribute the data to more wires. Even the second method has its limitations.
The chip has been getting smaller, and how many connections are placed between the chip and the board is limited. Currently, this limit is approximately 1000 connections per chip. In order to save costs, the actual number of connections is far from this limit.
If you use light, it is possible to expand this limit by a factor of nine. This is the dream of computer designers. In this way, not only is the transmission speed of the signal faster, but the data can be spread over more connections, resulting in faster speeds. The lined surface of the chip laser, which sends a signal to the laser chip with another receiver. There is no need to connect the chips through fiber optics. After aligning the chips, the photons can pass through the air directly to the next chip. Unlike fully electronic computers, these chips are not attached to the board, but are mounted on a wall, so the laser and detector can be mounted on the entire surface of the chip.
Another aspect of photons that are superior to electrons is that if the paths of the two photons intersect, they do not affect each other. It only has an effect when two photons are illuminated onto the same detector. Board design requires circuit separation to avoid short circuits, while beams can travel through a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space in a computer.
By introducing devices that can direct optical paths between chips, it is possible to create networks that are many times denser than electronic devices. This is why researchers are counting on the use of photonic computers to create a new generation of neural networks. Neural networks mimic the behavior of neurons in the brain. However, pure electronic design cannot form a huge number of nervous system connections like brain cells. By replacing the wires with steerable beams, scientists can move toward simulating brain behavior, but optical signals are transmitted many times faster than bioelectric signals.
Photonics will not be used quickly in general desktop computers, but it is another thing for supercomputers. Many supercomputers use a technique called parallel processing, in which hundreds or even thousands of chips jointly handle a task. In today's electronic systems, the problem is communication speed, which can be easily solved with a bunch of lasers.
Although electronic devices and photonic devices can be used to resolve communication bottlenecks, it takes time for signals to transition between the two. In addition, it takes time to activate the electronic switch. In order to achieve maximum speed, it is best not to use an electronic device. As photons fly through the system, all calculations are made by them. What these computers need is an optical switch that is as small as an electronic switch on a silicon chip. This problem is solved by using another technology, hologram.
Existing computers are electronically used to deliver and process information. Although the speed at which the electric field propagates in the wire is faster than the speed of any vehicle we see, from the development of high-rate computers, the use of electrons as a transport information carrier cannot meet the fast requirements and improve the computer computing speed. It also clearly shows limited capacity. Photonic computers use photons as the carrier for transmitting information, optical interconnections instead of wire interconnections, optical hardware instead of electronic hardware, optical operations instead of electrical operations, lasers to transmit signals, and optical fibers and various optical components. Integrate optical paths for data calculation, transmission, and storage. In a photonic computer, light of different wavelengths, frequencies, polarizations, and phases represent different data, which is far superior to the binary operation performed by electronic "0" and "1" state changes in an electronic computer, which can be highly complex. A computationally intensive task enables fast parallel processing. The photonic computer will increase the computing speed exponentially on a current basis.
Photonic technology and photon computing
Although each generation of computers is much better in performance than the previous generation, researchers hope to use light to create a brand new machine. Their goal is to break through the shackles of traditional computer design, creating a machine that not only outperforms today's supercomputers, but can ultimately challenge or even surpass the human brain.