Military electronic equipment that uses electromagnetic waves to find targets and determine their position, velocity, and other characteristics. The term "radar" is a transliteration of the English RADAR (abbreviation of radiodetecTIon and ranging), originally intended for radio detection and ranging. The radar has the characteristics of finding that the target distance is long, measuring the target coordinate speed, and being able to use all-weather. Therefore, it has been widely used in warning, guidance, weapon control, reconnaissance, navigation support, meteorological observation, identification of the enemy and the enemy, and has become an important electronic technology equipment in modern warfare.

Principle and composition The typical radar is a pulse radar, which is mainly composed of an antenna, a transceiving switch, a transmitter, a receiver, a timer, a display, a power supply and the like (Fig. 1 block diagram of the pulse radar principle). The transmitter produces a strong power high frequency oscillation pulse. A directional antenna converts such high-frequency oscillation into a beam-shaped electromagnetic wave (abbreviated as a beam) that propagates in space at the speed of light. When an electromagnetic wave encounters a target during propagation, the target is excited to generate secondary radiation, and a small portion of the electromagnetic wave in the secondary radiation returns to the radar and is collected by the antenna, which is called an echo signal. The receiver amplifies and transforms the echo signal and sends it to the display for detection to detect the presence of the target. In order to enable the radar to search, find and track targets in a wide airspace in all directions, a mechanical rotating antenna or an electronically controlled beam scanning method is usually used to scan the directional beam of the antenna in a certain manner. The timer is used to control the various parts of the radar to keep working. The transceiver switch allows the same antenna to be used for both transmission and reception. The power supply supplies the electrical energy required by each part of the radar.

The distance of the target is obtained by multiplying the time required for electromagnetic waves to travel from the radar to the target (ie, half of the arrival time of the echo signal) and the speed of light (300,000 kilometers per second). The azimuth and elevation of the target are determined using the directional characteristics of the antenna beam. The height of the target can be determined based on the target distance and elevation angle. When there is relative motion between the target and the radar, the frequency at which the radar receives the target echo changes. This frequency shift is called the Doppler shift and its value is proportional to the radial component of the target motion velocity. According to this, the radial velocity of the target can be measured.

The tactical technical performance mainly includes: the maximum working distance of the radar, the minimum working distance, the azimuth and elevation working range, accuracy, resolution, data rate, anti-interference ability, survivability, mobility, reliability, maintainability and environmental adaptation. And the working system of the radar, carrier frequency, transmit power, signal form, pulse repetition frequency, pulse width, receiver sensitivity, beam shape and scanning mode of the antenna, form and number of displays, etc. Accuracy refers to the degree to which the radar deviates from its actual value when the data such as the azimuth, distance and altitude of the target are measured. Resolution is the ability of a radar to resolve two adjacent targets at azimuth, distance, and elevation. Anti-interference ability refers to the ability of radar to suppress active and passive interference from enemy forces and the presence of ground objects, waves and meteorological interference in nature. The commonly used anti-interference measures include: constructing radar networks of various frequency bands and different types of radars, using data with each other, and multi-station positioning of the interfering aircraft; broadening the working frequency band of the radar, fast electronic frequency hopping, and reducing the antenna sidelobe level Increase transmit power, pulse compression, pulse Doppler filtering, etc.

Classification Radars come in many different ways. According to different tasks, it can be divided into:

The radars used for warning and guidance mainly include: 1 air-to-air intelligence radar. Used to search, monitor, and identify air targets. It includes air-to-air warning radars, guided radars, and target-indicating radars, as well as low-altitude radars designed to detect low-altitude, ultra-low-altitude targets. 2 pairs of sea warning radar. A radar used to detect sea surface targets. Generally installed on various types of surface ships or on the coast, islands. 3 airborne early warning radar. Installed on an AWACS aircraft to detect flying targets at various altitudes (especially at low altitudes and ultra low altitudes) and to guide their own aircraft to intercept enemy aircraft, attack enemy ships or the ground.

Goal . It has good visibility and a wide range of detection. 4 over-the-horizon radar. Using short-wave propagation between the ionosphere and the ground, the target below the horizon is detected (Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the working principle of the super-horizon radar). It can detect targets such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (see intercontinental missiles) and ultra-low-altitude strategic bombers that have just been launched from the ground, providing long warning time for air defense systems, but with lower precision. 5 ballistic missile early warning radar. It is used to discover intercontinental, medium-range and submarine ballistic missiles and to determine ballistic parameters such as instantaneous position, velocity, launch point and impact point. (See color map US AN/FPS-bomb missile early warning phased array radar)

The radars used for weapon control mainly include: 1 gun sight radar. It is used to continuously measure the real-time data of the target coordinates, and the shooting commander controls the gun to aim at the shooting. There are ground and shipboard types. 2 missile guidance radar. Used to guide and control the flight of various tactical missiles. There are ground type and ship type (Fig. 3 surface-to-air missile guidance radar). 3 torpedo attack radar. Installed on torpedo boats and submarines, used to determine the coordinates of the target and control the torpedo attack through the commander. 4 airborne interceptor radar. Installed on fighters to search, intercept and track air targets, and control cannon, rocket and missile aiming shots. 5 airborne bombing radar. Installed on a bomber to search and identify ground or sea targets and determine the location of the bomb. 6 terminal guidance radar. Installed on the missile, at the end of the missile flight, the missile is automatically controlled to fly to the target. 7 ballistic missile tracking radar. Used for continuous measurement of in-flight ballistic missiles in anti-missile weapon systems and missile range measurements

Coordinates, speeds, and accurately predict their future position.

1.0mm Female Pin Header

1.0mm (.039") Female Headers

Overview

At one side of this female header is a series of pins which can either be mounted and soldered directly onto the surface of the PCB (SMT) or placed into drilled holes on the PCB (THM).

Soldering SMT female connectors can be done at a maximum peak temperature of 260°C for maximum 60 seconds.

Orientation/Pin-Type: Vertical (Straight) and Right-Angle
1.0mm pitch female headers may be further classified into pin orientation as well, such as vertical or straight male header or right-angle female header.

Vertical or Straight Female Header Orientation
One side of the series of pins is connected to PCB board in which the pins can be at a right-angle to the PCB surface (usually called "straight" or [vertical") or.

Right-Angle Female Header Orientation
Parallel to the board's surface (referred to as "right-angle" pins).
Each of these pin-types have different applications that fit with their specific configuration.


PCB Connector Stacking
Profile Above PCB
This type of configuration is the most common way of connecting board-to-board by a connector. First, the stacking height is calculated from one board to another and measured from the printed circuit board face to its highest insulator point above the PCB.

Elevated Sockets/Female Headers
Elevated Sockets aka Stacked sockets/receptacles or Mezzanine are simply stacked female headers providing an exact distance requirement between PCBs that optimizes electrical reliability and performance between PCB boards.

Choosing this type of stacking configuration promotes the following benefits:
Connector Isolation - the contacts are shrouded preventing cable connection mishaps and good guidance for the mating header connectors.
For off-the-shelf wireless PCB module, stacking height is optimized with elevated sockets.
Offers superior strength and rigidity.
Polarisation prevents users from inverted insertion.

Single, Dual or Multiple Number of Rows
For a 1.0mm straight or vertical female header, the standard number of rows that Antenk offers ranges from 1 to 2 rows. However, customization can be available if 3 ,4 or n number of rows is needed by the customer. Also, the number of contacts for the single row is about 2-40 pins while for dual row, the number contacts may vary from 2-80 pins.

Pin Material
The pins of the connector attached to the board have been designed with copper alloy. With customer`s demand the pins can be made gold plated.

Custom 1.0mm Pitch Female Headers
Customizable 1.0 mm pitch female headers are also available, making your manufacturing process way faster as the pins are already inserted in the headers, insulator height is made at the right size and the accurate pin length you require is followed.
Parts are made using semi-automated manufacturing processes that ensure both precision and delicacy in handling the headers before packaging on tape and reel.

Tape and Reel Packaging for SMT Components
Antenk's SMT headers are offered with customizable mating pin lengths, in which each series has multiple number of of circuits, summing up to a thousand individual part number combinations per connector series.
The tape and reel carrier strip ensures that the headers are packaged within accurately sized cavities for its height, width and depth, securing the headers from the environment and maintaining consistent position during transportation.
Antenk also offer a range of custom Tape and reel carrier strip packaging cavities.

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