If you ignore it just because of the simple name of a satellite, you may have to regret the mistake of recognizing the jade as a common stone. Practice No. 13 is such a satellite. On the evening of April 12th, the practice flew from Xichang, China, to space on the 13th. Although its name is not so catchy, it is not like the spacecraft such as "嫦娥", "Tiangong" and "Wukong", but this does not prevent it from becoming a grounded satellite in the highly developed society of the 21st century. .

Practice No. 13 is a communications satellite, one of China's most advanced communications satellites to date. In this modern society where the "low-headed people" are rampant and Maslow's hierarchical demand theory has been "tampered" by emerging humans using Wi-Fi, this is expected to change the Chinese people's domestic flight cabin communication inconvenient, high-speed trains on the mobile phone Finding the signal "communication satellites" seems to be more able to catch the eyes of ordinary people than other spacecraft.

This evening, people saw such an opening: Practice on the 13th, take the Long March 3rd B rocket to smash the sky, reach the orbital height of 36,000 kilometers from the earth, open the solar sail board, "open the shirt", start the work child. The next plot will be handed over to the scientists on the ground to continue writing. After a series of state adjustments and technical trials on the 13th, the Chinese people's online experience is expected to enter a new "practice" stage.

"Bottom" professional household

Speaking of artificial satellites, people are most familiar with "communication, guidance, and remote", namely communication, navigation, and remote sensing. This is also the three main directions of satellite applications. Among them, the communication satellite seems to be the least needed to explain too much.

In fact, on April 24, 1970, the first artificial earth satellite launched by China and the Dongfanghong No. 1, which created a new era of China's space history, belonged to the category of communication broadcasting satellites. According to Zhao Jian, deputy director of the Department of Systems Engineering, National Defense Science and Technology Bureau, the development of China's communication satellites has also started since then. Four generations of communication satellites have been developed so far, and 16 satellites for in-orbit civilian communications have basically formed. Globalized satellite communication service capabilities.

Zhao Jian said that the communication satellite is called the neural network of the current information society. In places where traditional means of communication cannot be reached, satellite phones that rely on communication satellites are often used.

However, high technology seems to be a bit cold, not yet flying to every ordinary home. Liu Fang, the chief engineer of the 13th satellite engineering, said that China has a vast territory and complex terrain. In mountainous areas, deserts, grasslands, oceans and other places, there are still blind spots in information transmission. At the same time, due to the uneven economic development and geographical conditions in the eastern and western regions of China, Restricted, broadband access facilities in some regions lag far behind other regions - how to eliminate the "network divide" has become one of the important issues that China urgently needs to solve in the information age.

In other words, although there are quite a few communication satellites in the sky, they cannot cover the whole of China. Practice No. 13 is the "bottom" professional household.

Practice Zhou Zhicheng, the chief commander of the 13th satellite system, expressed more clearly: China’s terrestrial wireless network signal coverage or fiber-optic cable broadband access can be easily accessed by practicing the 13th satellite.

Really meaningful broadband applications

The reason why we can have such a great ability is that the 13th is the first high-throughput communication satellite in China.

In Zhao Jian’s words, high-throughput is to provide several times or even dozens of times more capacity than conventional communication satellites. Traditional communication satellites have a capacity of less than 10 Gbps (gigabits per second, a unit of exchange bandwidth). The high capacity can reach tens of Gbps, even hundreds of Gbps.

Zhao Jian said that the practice of the 13th carries a communication payload called "Ka-band", which is also the first time in the history of China's communications satellites. The total communication capacity of this satellite has reached 20G, which exceeds the total capacity of all communication satellites developed by China before, and has become the largest broadband satellite in China.

This seems to have a "milestone" meaning in Zhao Jian: the practice of the 13th launch is a sign that China's satellite communications have entered the era of high-throughput, and will also greatly promote the development of China's satellite communications industry. -

Taking ordinary users as an example, the download and return rate of the terminal can reach 150 Mbps and 12 Mbps respectively, which realizes the broadband application of satellite communication in a true sense, and fills the technical gap in this field in China.

Because of the importance of the role of the "Ka-band" communication payload, the scientists also referred to Practice No. 13 as China's first Ka broadband communication satellite.

In the practice of the 13th satellite control and test application system chief and commander Tang Zuoxiang told reporters that although the development and application of China's communication satellites have made great achievements, compared with the strong countries, in the satellite technology level, industry There is still a big gap in terms of scale and so on. The backwardness of the communication load in the frequency band is an important part. For example, domestic civil and commercial communication satellites are mostly traditional C and Ku frequency transponders with limited capacity.

Correspondingly, Ka broadband satellites have more frequency band resources, which is dozens of times that of traditional communication satellites. Tang Zuoxiang said that with the increasing popularity of Internet applications, the increasing demand for satellite communication bandwidth, and the increasing scarcity of traditional C and Ku frequency orbital and frequency resources, the development of satellite communication to the Ka-band broadband has become an inevitable trend.

Tang Zuoxiang told reporters that after completing a series of on-orbit tests, the implementation of the 13th satellite will be renamed the Zhongxing 16 satellite, and the application of the Ka-band broadband communication system will continue. By then, the practice of the 13th will be promising.

Liu Fang cited an example. More than 60 million people in China participated in outdoor projects such as hiking, mountaineering, cross-country, cycling, self-driving tour, etc., but because there are poor communication signals in outdoor areas or even no signal at all, there are nearly a thousand lost or lost events every month. occur. More importantly, when an emergency such as an earthquake, flood, or tsunami occurs, if the loss is unsuccessful, the consequences are unimaginable.

He told reporters that the practice of the 13th satellite is small, easy to equip, carry and use, and once equipped, can establish voice, data and video transmission with the satellite. Liu Fang said that although it is impossible to say with utmost urgency, with this satellite terminal, it will certainly reduce the loss of the disaster area, but if you encounter the problem of losing the connection, people will not ask: Is there a technology that can help me? Is the signal sent out?

Gospel in the air

In some Hollywood blockbusters, it seems that the protagonist who is wearing the artifact on the plane and surfing the Internet seems to be a routine, but these plots are far away in reality. According to statistics, the average number of passengers per day in China exceeds 1.2 million, and the average daily passenger traffic of the railway reaches 7.6 million, but the passenger's online experience is not satisfactory.

In Liu Fang’s view, these are ultimately caused by the technical bottleneck of “moving in the middle”. “Moving through” refers to the satellite communication guarantee of moving carriers such as vehicles, ships and airplanes during the movement. However, because the ground mobile network cannot achieve full coverage, or even cover, but crosses different areas, the handover is too frequent, and it is difficult to provide services for high-speed vehicles.

It is worth expecting that the implementation of the 13th satellite can achieve a seamless "moving in the middle". Liu Fang said that the practice of the 13th satellite adopts the concept of heaven and earth integration. One of the important services is to provide high-speed “moving in the middle”, which can be seamlessly switched by multiple beams to match the automatic tracking and capture function of airborne, vehicle or shipborne terminals. "These can connect the world to passengers on all types of transportation such as aviation, shipping, railways, etc., and completely improve the online experience."

In fact, after practicing the launch of the 13th satellite and after a period of trials, the technical problems related to “moving in the middle” can be declared a breakthrough. In Zhao Jian’s words, “there is already basic technical ability”. However, in order to truly realize the application on the aircraft and high-speed rail, it is necessary to keep up with the work outside the technology, such as application service, usage scenarios and security control.

Zhao Jian disclosed a “timetable” to reporters: It is expected that in the next three years, relevant technical applications will be deployed on 2,400 domestic passenger airliners, and ordinary people are expected to enjoy the services provided by this communication satellite on the aircraft. This may include surfing the Internet on the plane.

It seems to be more worth looking forward to in the next 5 to 10 years. Zhao Jian revealed that according to the medium- and long-term development planning arrangement of China's civil space infrastructure, as of the "14th Five-Year Plan", China will newly build 22 communication broadcasting satellites, of which 5 newly developed communication satellites, including L mobile multimedia broadcasting satellites. Large-capacity broadband communication satellites, ultra-large-capacity broadband communication satellites, high-capacity-bandwidth broadband communication satellites, and global mobile communication constellation research stars.

By then, the capacity of China's most advanced communication satellites will exceed 100G. Today's practice on the 13th, its capacity is only 20G.

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